Contemporary Views Of Leadership And Leadership - 1513 Words

Literature Review: Contemporary Views of Leadership Leadership encompasses all areas of our lives. Everyone performs a leadership role in their household one way or the other. Parents perform leadership roles every day in their homes. In schools, leadership roles are being performed on a daily basis by students and teachers. In churches, there are pastors, deacons, elders, etc. perform leadership roles. At your jobs, leadership roles come into play each and every day. As you can see leadership is a very broad area that is performed in all faucets of lives. The nature and scope of leadership have changed drastically from the olden days to the present, hence the topic contemporary leadership. Contemporary leadership is varied. There are various types of organizations and specific type leadership will fit the different types of organization. This review will examine the different types of leadership and the type of organization that each type leadership fits. Types of Contemporary Leadership Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership are leaders that motivate and encourage (transform) followers to achieve extra ordinary outcomes. â€Å"Transformational leaders helps create formal ongoing mechanism that promote two-way communication and the exchange of information† (Aga, Noordehaven Vallejo, 2016, p. 806). In their article Aga, Noordehaven, and Vallejo (2016), discusses the role of a transformational leadership and projectShow MoreRelatedEvaluating Contemporary Views of Leadership1667 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluating Contemporary Views of Leadership LDR/711A  » Leadership Theories and Practice – University of Phoenix Evaluating Contemporary Views of Leadership From Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela’s charisma, to Winston Churchill and Martin Luther King’s intelligence and Steve Jobs’ analytical nature, there can be as numerous ways to lead as there are leaders (Crossman, 2010). Leadership is a hot debate both in the business world and other areas of the society. Throughout the worlds, thereRead MoreContemporary Views of Leadership: Nigerian Context1992 Words   |  8 Pages Contemporary Views of Leadership Somina Membere University of Phoenix Commonalities and Disparities of Contemporary Views of Leadership In evaluating the various contemporary leadership models, I will start with a definition of leadership within the contemporary context. There have been several definitions, research studies commonalities and disparities about leadership and leadership theories. AccordingRead MoreInstructional Leadership As A Model For Leadership1409 Words   |  6 Pages Instructional Leadership in the Primary School Abstract The link between student achievement and effective teaching has been well researched and documented. Likewise, an extensive research base supports the view that leadership is the most important element of an effective school (Department of Education and Training, 2005). This inquiry seeks to examine the leading educational idea of Instructional Leadership as a model for leadership which has a positive impact on student outcomes. The contemporaryRead MoreLeadership And Teams : Conformity1003 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership and Teams – Conformity Teams are prevalent in all walks of life. People participate in teams through church, volunteering, school, sports, and now in the workplace. Working together in teams in the workplace is becoming increasingly popular. So much so that Robbins, S. P., De Cenzo, D. A., Coulter, M. (2015) states that and estimated 80% of Fortune 500 companies have at least half their employees working in teams. Teams are thought to outperform individual work and help achieve organizationalRead MoreThe Beginning Of Leadership, Whatarangi Winiata1357 Words   |  6 PagesMÄ ori people, especially the leaders. In the beginning of the 1900s, MÄ ori leadership appeared to be insignificant, but soon a new generation emerged and began to turn things around. These new leaders were educated at universities and took new approaches to obtaining what they needed (Pfeiffer et al 2010: 8, 10, 20). This essay will look at the beginning of leadership, Whatarangi Winiata, contemporary leadership, and leadershi p attributes to prove how the concepts of whakapapa (genealogy), iwi (tribeRead MoreLeadership Model That Deals With Team Performance Outcomes1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Leadership can be defined as a process by which one individual influences others toward the attainment of group or organizational goals. Three point about the definition of leadership should be emphasized. First, leadership is a social influence process. Leadership cannot exist without a leader and one or more followers. Second, leadership elicits voluntary action on the part of followers. The voluntary nature of compliance separates leadership from other types of influence based on formal authorityRead MoreSynthesis Paper : Leadership And Leadership1259 Words   |  6 Pages Synthesis Paper: Leadership Introduction Over the years, a great deal of time, and research has been dedicate to the study of leadership. Even with extensive data on the topic, many still disagree on what leadership really means. Hence, leadership is a word that has many different meanings and different researched theories associated with it. On a basic level, leadership involves having and establishing a clear vision, sharing that vision with followers, respecting followers, and leading an organizationRead MoreReligious Fundamentalism: The Muslims of Different Sects859 Words   |  3 Pagesthe other group. This manifestation of the conflict is a clear indication of religious exclusivism. The definition of religious exclusivism can be said to be the feeling or the stand that one religious group or members of a religious group take to view the other groups or cults to be the wrong ones. They believe that their religion and their beliefs are the right ones and any other that is outside theirs is absolutely wrong and will lead to the punishment that those who oppose the instructions ofRead MoreSynthesis Paper : Leadership And Leadership1361 Words   |  6 PagesSynthesis Paper: Leadership Introduction Over the years, a great deal of time, and research has been dedicated to the study of leadership. Leadership is one subject that has been discussed a lot. Even with extensive data on the subject, many still disagree on what leadership really means. Moreover, leadership is a word that has many different meanings and different researched theories associated with it. On a basic level, leadership involves having and establishing a clear vision, sharing thatRead MoreThe Breakdown Of The Traditional Family Division Of Labour, Instant Communication1574 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology, and the increased complexity of organisational objectives have favour gender equality and diversity. Those changes have pressure companies to improve their work structure to be more competitive and to the extent that the idea of an effective leadership has come under pressure to change too. Indeed, organisations have become less hierarchical and more decentralised networks where the traditional source of pow er erode, and talents instead of nepotism are rewarded (Klein, 2000). Moreover, the idea

Valentines Day Quotes for the Single Person

If you are single, then Valentines Day may not be the  best time of the year for you. In fact, some are calling it, Singles Awareness Day. Seeing other people celebrating their love can make you a little envious. Even if you have a great life and arent actively seeking a partner, its easy to start hating on the holiday and perhaps feeling sorry for yourself. However, dont be let down. Lift your sagging spirits by reading these Valentines quotes and by dreaming of your own happily-ever-after. It doesnt have to include a knight in shining armor or a princess to be rescued. Mike Primavera You are never alone on Valentines Day if youre near a lake and have bread. KushandWizdom.tumblr I am constantly torn between I dont need anyone and Hey you, please fall in love with me. Emily Heller Ive been single for a while and I have to say, its going very well. Like... Its working out. I think Im the one. Robert Burton No cord or cable can so forcibly draw, or hold so fast, as love can do with a twined thread. Alexandra Penney The ultimate test of a relationship is to disagree but to hold hands. Mignon McLaughlin No one can understand love who has not experienced infatuation. And no one can understand infatuation, no matter how many times he has experienced it. Anonymous A kiss is something you cannot give without taking and cannot take without giving. Theodor Reik The lover is a monotheist who knows that other people worship different gods but cannot himself imagine that there could be other gods. Henny Youngman A kiss is the shortest distance between two. Mae West I have found men who didnt know how to kiss. Ive always found time to teach them. Marguerite de Valois It is the same in love as in war; a fortress that parleys is half taken. Todd Ruthman It is the things in common that make relationships enjoyable, but it is the little differences that make them interesting. William Shakespeare Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind, And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind. Aerosmith Falling in love is so hard on the knees. Anonymous True love is when you put someone on a pedestal, and they fall - but you are there to catch them. Mignon McLaughlin In the arithmetic of love, one plus one equals everything, and two minus one equals nothing. Jacques Benigne Bossuel The heart has reasons that reason does not understand. Philip Robinson And when the future hinges on the next words that are said, dont let logic interfere, believe your heart instead. Luciano de Crescenzo We are, each of us angels with only one wing; and we can only fly by embracing one another. Julius Gordon Love is not blind - it sees more, not less. But because it sees more, it is willing to see less. Aristotle Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies.

The Best Music for Studying - 20 Songs

Booker T. Washington Was Born As A Slave In Virginia In

Booker T. Washington was born as a slave in Virginia in 1856. Washington was raised in a poor household and he struggled to obtain an education. At the age of 16 Washington left home to attend the Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute in Virginia where he worked to support himself as a janitor until he received a scholarship. The headmaster mentored Washington while he attended school there and he graduated in 1875. In 1881, Alabama legislature allocated funds to create a school for African American students, Washington founded the college which is now known as Tuskegee University. Washington was an influential leader and white business and political leaders were reassured by his message that black people themselves were responsible for†¦show more content†¦He spoke out against the teachings of Booker T. Washington. Washington and Dubois both emerged as powerful leaders in black communities. Although they did not share the same philosophy’s they share the common goal to uplift the African American communities. Both worked tirelessly to advocate against lynching and mob violence. Both men were both key figures during the early 1900s and both encouraged progress within their communities. Washington and Dubois were raised in two different settings. Washington a Southern slave and Dubois was raised in the North and free. Washington had to struggle to obtain his education where DuBois quickly obtained his from an early age. Washington believed that blacks should not disrupt the system. Washington’s teaching was not threatening, which he gained support from northern and southern whites. He believed economic acceptance would lead to political and social acceptance . Dubois, on the other hand, was more outspoken, he felt that blacks deserved the same rights as whites. Dubois believed education would confront racial problems, and it would create wise men . Furthermore, he believed that 10% of the African American population needed to be the best educated to promote progress and advancement. DuBois criticized Washington for failing to stand up for political and civil rights and higher education for black Americans . Ultimately both believed in their cause and both wer e influential leaders during a time that needed strong leadersShow MoreRelatedBiography of Booker T. Washington1869 Words   |  7 PagesBooker T. Washington is a famous African American educator, author, civil rights activist, and philanthropist who is from Virginia (Wells). He is the man that promoted African American to rise above their status of trying to be equal with Caucasians by promoting education and economic self-determination. Washington’s life serves as an example of his philosophy or belief due to his experience of knowing where African Americans started after the Civil War, where they were headed, and resulted in changingRead More Booker T. Washingtons Up from Slavery Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pages The book, Up From Slavery, written by Booker Taliaferro Washington, profoundly touched me when I read it. Washington overcame many obstacles throughout his life. He became perhaps the most prominent black leader of his time. Booker T. Washington belived that African Americans could gain equality by improving their economic situation through education rather than by demanding equal rights. Washington’s life story was told during the mid to late 1800’s into the early 1900’s, in theRead MoreBooker Taliaferro Washington Helped African Americans Gain The Knowledge Of Literacy1277 Words   |  6 Pagesand others say for the worst. Booker Taliaferro Washington helped African Americans gain the knowledge of literacy that was so long forbidden. Born to a cook for plantation and an ambiguous white man on April 5, 1856, he was just another face among a sea of discriminated,miserable, and oppressed people. Growing up in the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia, in most states prior to the Civil War, the child of a slave was born a slave. Although times were hard whether it was living in the small quartersRead MoreBiography of Booker T Washington Essay673 Words   |  3 PagesBiography of Booker T Washington Booker T. Washington, born on April fifth, 1856, was born into slavery on the Burroughs’ tobacco farm. His mother was a cook, and his father was a white man from a nearby farm. Despite the small size of the farm Washington always referred to it as a plantation, and his life was not much different from any other slave on the larger plantations. â€Å"The early years of my life, which were spent in the little cabin, were not very different from those of other slaves† (Awakening)Read MoreCompare And Contrast Booker T. Dubois1296 Words   |  6 PagesW.E.B Du Bois and Booker T. Washington were both fighting for the betterment of blacks, but accomplished it differently. W.E.B Du Bois believed in blacks getting a classical education and obtaining equality. While, Booker T. Washington wanted blacks to focus on vocational skills and give up their rights to be a success. W.E.B Du Bois disagreed because he believed that African Americans should not limit themselves to vocational labor but preferred that they educated themselves so they would be recognizedRead MoreEssay on Booker T. Washingtons Immense Achievements 952 Words   |  4 Pages1856, Booker Taliaferro Washington was born into slavery in Hale’s Ford, Virginia on a local plantation. Being born into slavery, it was quite clear that Washington would never amount to much. Knowing this though, did not stop him from dreaming about the many achievements he wanted to accomplish. Washington’s passion to learn is what transformed him into, not a lowly slave, but instead: an educator, a writer and the founder of the Tuskegee Institute. Through these achievements though, Booker T. WashingtonRead More Same Problem: Different Solution Essay902 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The African- American Community has been blessed with a multitude of scholars. Two of those scholars include Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du bois. Both of these men, had a vision for African- Americans. They wanted to see the advancement of their race of people. These great leaders just had different viewpoints as to how this should be accomplished. Mr. Washington’s viewpoints are based on his own personal experience and understanding of politics. Mr. Du bois’Read MoreBooker T Dubois Dbq Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesthat America was facing during the time of the Jim Crow laws? Post-civil war, there were two huge influencers who preached their thoughts and strategies on achieving racial equality. Both started movements for the rights of African Americans in two very different ways. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois both fought for African American rights but had very different approaches to achieve their goals. Booker T. Washington was born on April 5th,1856 in Virginia. He was born a slave and went to workRead MoreBooker T Dubois Research Paper751 Words   |  4 Pageshas different views and ideas about it. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois have two very different views on color discrimination and how to solve it. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois both thought that color discrimination was a bad thing and it should be changes, but had very different approaches to it. For example, W.E.B. DuBois thought that voting was necessary to mankind and wanted to make a change right then and there. However, Booker T. Washington had the idea of â€Å"casting down your bucketRead MoreCompare And Contrast Booker T Washington834 Words   |  4 Pagescome? Booker T washington was the waiting person. He was a african american that spoke for black people and wished for more rights. W.E.B Du Bois was another african american that has wished for more rights, but was a strong fighter. Both Booker T and W.E.B wanted the same thing, but went to get in two completely different ways but they both provided the way we see black people now. On April 5th 1856, Booker T was born in Virginia.His mother was a slave, therefore, he was one as well. He was forced

Several Kinds of English that I Speak of Free Essays

My family and I lived in several places and so as we move from one place to another, I have learned to speak several kinds of the English language as well. For instance, I am a little familiar with West Indian English, wherein one of the major characteristics of their grammar is the absence of â€Å"-s† if its state is singular and is in the present tense, and so sometimes instead of stating â€Å"Cleavon loves music†, I would only say, â€Å"Cleavon love music†Ã‚   (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p. We will write a custom essay sample on Several Kinds of English that I Speak of or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). In addition to that, another grammatical characteristic of the West Indian English is the elimination of the word that connects the subject and the predicate or what is technically referred to as the â€Å"copula† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). For example, â€Å"Cleavon extremely passionate†, instead of â€Å"Cleavon is extremely passionate† or â€Å"Cleavon my cousin† instead of â€Å"Cleavon is my cousin† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Furthermore, when we moved to Canada and stayed there for about two years, I managed to acquire a little bit of Canadian English as well which is sometimes evident in the way I pronounce words, for example, my classmates would be confused even if I meant â€Å"caller† because what they heard from me was â€Å"collar† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Similarly, if I say â€Å"caught†, they would misunderstand it since it sounded like â€Å"cot† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). I also got the nanny confused one time when I said, â€Å"May I please just have porridge for breakfast?† I forgot that in U.S. English, it is known as, â€Å"oatmeal† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Last but not least, since we now moved back to the United States, my U.S. English is back as well (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Nowadays, I would jokingly say â€Å"My seatmate is such a nerd; she would spend three sleepless nights for our science project and would not even complain a bit† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Nobody would be confused by my statement since this is the Standard English that they utilize also (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Reference Oxford University Press. (2008). Types of World English. Retrieved April 7, 2008 from http://www.askoxford.com/globalenglish/types/?view=uk How to cite Several Kinds of English that I Speak of, Essay examples

Quality Assurance in Health Sector of New Zealand

Question: Discuss about the Quality Assurance in Health Sector of New Zealand. Answer: Introduction: Health care is a profession related to life and death of millions of individuals, where a simple mistake can cost an innocent life. This noble profession provides the ill and the dying the care that can either eradicate their suffering of minimize it to some extent (Alkhenizan Shaw, 2011). It is imperative that health care maintains the quality and standard of their treatment and care. With the new era of consumerism and cutthroat market consumerism the quality of health care has decreased drastically. However, with the regulatory provisions and legislations attempting to revitalize the health care quality and standards it has improved to some extent (Chassin et al., 2010). This report will attempt to highlight the importance of regulatory provisions and legislations in the quality assurance process taking the example of New Zealand. Quality assurance in health care: As mentioned above health care is critically associated with life and death situation, hence there never is a scope in health care to commit even a single misconduct. However, there are hundreds of workers associated within a health care facility and each of their efficacies and performance is associated with the same of the other. In the context of such interdisciplinary work, misconducts are very natural. This is where the concept of quality assurance and evaluation comes forward (Chassin et al., 2010). The concept of health care quality check or accreditation came in the late 1990s and has been a boon to the growth and progress of health care sector ever since. In the current scenario there are numerous regulatory and monitoring authorities, be it state, national or global, keeping a watchful eye on every aspect of health care all around the world (Colbourn et al., 2013). The main goals of the quality assurance bodies is accreditation of each and every health and social care facilities, followed by implementing practice standards for the health care practice and evaluating the compliance of the health care facilities to the amendments. Quality assurance bodies: There are a number of regulatory authorities that are assigned with the responsibility of maintaining health care quality at the highest at all times. If we take the example of Australia, it is a multicultural hub with people from diverse cultural backgrounds. With people of so many different backgrounds amalgamating, there are a lot of factors that can drag down the health care quality like discrimination, language barrier and what not (Glasziou, Ogrinc Goodman, 2011). However there are strict regulatory policies and authorities that provide the best of quality assurance to people of Australia, specifically New Zealand. The Australian council on health care standards are a non profit organization devoted to improving the health care standards of the people of New Zealand relentlessly. Australian Health safety and quality accreditation scheme is devoted to the accreditation of the health and disability facilities all across Australia. Australian commission on safety and quality in health care are focussed on quality benchmarks of health care sector. For a state authority everything related to health care in New Zealand is under the Ministry of health of New Zealand (Kaplan et al., 2010). There are a number of acts and legislations safeguarding the quality of health care in NZ as well. Health and disability services safety act 2001 audits and monitors the wellbeing and safety of the ill and disabled. The regulatory legislations include Code of the Health and Disability Services Consumers Rights, Health Information Privacy Code 1994, National Screening Standards, and the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Bill. The generic legislations safeguarding the health care include Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001, the Privacy Act 1993 and the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 (Ministry of Health NZ, 2003). Roles of the professional bodies: Quality assurance in New Zealand the systematic approach of improving quality by the ministry of health care, NZ. In the cumulative scheme, the Minister of health determines the nationally consistent standards and quality assurance programmes for health services and consumer safety. Along with that the responsibilities further diversify into monitoring the performance of the health care facilities and consumer safety at large. The council of health care quality assurance will focus on developing strategies for nationally consistent performance standards and quality assurance reviews (Ministry of Health NZ, 2003). Subcommittees within this sector include National Health Epidemiology and Quality Assurance Advisory Committee (Epiqual) that overlook and aim to improve the health and disability care practice standards and Mortality Review Committees to provide accurate data on mortality rates. And lastly, each year the minister has top report the progress achieved to the House of Representatives including detailed data of the implementation process of the strategies of improving quality scheme (Ministry of Health NZ, 2003). Recommendation: The quality assurance scheme put forward by the New Zealand government is commendable for its efforts dedicated to intricate details of health and disability care. Undoubtedly the scheme has achieved quite a lot in a short time already. However there are a few areas that demand more attention for successful quality improvement in all aspects. First and foremost, performance measurement has clear connections with the quality improvement procedure in any sector; hence strict performance vigilance can assure much more discretion to the quality assurance process (Thomson et al., 2012). Designing strategies that are more focussed on outcomes and not implementation would be much more beneficial in designing better and more effective quality improvement. Incorporating patient feedback and patient retention report will ensure that the focus stays on patient centred care (Tricco et al., 2012). Measurement of quality standards and performance in a more organizational context would help in determining the progress of entire organization in quality improvement. Lastly, orchestrating and mandating training and skill improvement programs for the workforce within the health care sector will only help in improving care standards significantly (Tricco et al., 2012). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be said that health care industry has come a long way from what it used to be years ago. With new amendments to the legislations and practice standards the health and disability care standards have improved radically. However, there still are a few grey areas left behind and with careful amendments to the strategies these gaps can be overcome significantly to achieve the goal of excellence in health care industry. References: Alkhenizan, A., Shaw, C. (2011). Impact of accreditation on the quality of healthcare services: a systematic review of the literature.Annals of Saudi medicine,31(4), 407. Chassin, M. R., Loeb, J. M., Schmaltz, S. P., Wachter, R. M. (2010). Accountability measuresusing measurement to promote quality improvement. Colbourn, T., Nambiar, B., Bondo, A., Makwenda, C., Tsetekani, E., Makonda-Ridley, A., ... Davies, R. (2013). Effects of quality improvement in health facilities and community mobilization through women's groups on maternal, neonatal and perinatal mortality in three districts of Malawi: MaiKhanda, a cluster randomized controlled effectiveness trial.International health, iht011. Glasziou, P., Ogrinc, G., Goodman, S. (2011). Can evidence-based medicine and clinical quality improvement learn from each other?.BMJ quality safety,20(Suppl 1), i13-i17. Kaplan, H. C., Brady, P. W., Dritz, M. C., Hooper, D. K., Linam, W., Froehle, C. M., Margolis, P. (2010). The influence of context on quality improvement success in health care: a systematic review of the literature.The Milbank quarterly,88(4), 500-559. Ministry of Health NZ,. (2003). Improving Quality (IQ): A Systems Approach For The New Zealand Health And Disability Sector. Thomson, S., Osborn, R., Squires, D., Jun, M. (2012). International profiles of health care systems 2012: Australia, Canada, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Tricco, A. C., Ivers, N. M., Grimshaw, J. M., Moher, D., Turner, L., Galipeau, J., ... Tonelli, M. (2012). Effectiveness of quality improvement strategies on the management of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet,379(9833), 2252-2261.

Building Owners and Managers Association

Question: Discuss about the Building Owners and Managers Association. Answer: Introduction Grade A building as standardized by Building Owners and managers Association (BOMA) is addressed to buildings having finishes of top quality standard, exceptional accessibility, state of the art systems as well as concrete presence of market. Grade A building has top-notch features like impressive architectural design, interior decorations and innovative design. Grade A buildings are maintained by trustworthy companies having prestigious area of city and goof reputation. The current report provides a brief for investigating regarding constituents of Grade A specification examining issues and evaluating international literature/guidance, local practice, criteria for determining Grade A specification class with particular reference to electrical and mechanical provision of services. Case studies are also provided to support arguments and recommendations have been provided in the current report. International literature/guidance The aesthetics, age, features and infrastructures usually classify specifications of the buildings. This system of classifying buildings were created for surveyors and agents of real estate for justifying office space price as well as prepare information of market and survey buildings. According to the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA), grade A building has finishes of high quality standards, state of the art systems, definitive market presence and top class accessibility. Office spaces that has highest quality standard belong to Grade A office building with updated and advanced features. Grade A office buildings are usually maintained by companies having trustworthy management system and are aesthetically appreciable. Generally, Grade A office buildings have special construction features like raised floors, lifts, suspended ceilings, air conditioning and other state of the art facilities and features. These offices are highly furnished with marbles, tiles, mahogany finishes and glass lobbies. These office buildings depicts symbol of luxury, elegance and sophistication. Another easy way to determine whether a building is of Grade A specification is by the height of building. Usually Grade A buildings have large dimensions, high ceilings and are usually skyscrapers. Grade A office specification in UK As per guidelines by British council of offices (BCO), a grade A office should have a workplace density of 8 13 m2 with around 6 m2 means of escape. Approximately 10 12 m2 of core elements are present in such buildings. On floor services constitutes around 8 10 m2 of area. Floor plate efficiency of low-rise buildings is around 80 85 %. For deep plan, window-to-window depth is of 15 21 m and window to core is around 6 12 m. In case of shallow plans, window-to-window is around 12 15 m and window to core is around 6 7.5 m. Floor to ceiling height is around 2.6 2.75 m with around 2.45 m refurbishment. The planning grids is around 1.5 m by 1.5 m with a column grid of 7.5 m, 9 m, 12 m and 15 m. Around 10 m2 of male to female ratio is around 60% by 60% toilet provision. Performance requirements for lift should be about 80% with less than 25 seconds of waiting time and up to 12% handling capacity less than 90 seconds of time for destination. Approximately 150 mm overall raised floor s with typical floor refurbishment of 100 mm and trading floors of around 300 500 mm is required top classify the building as Grade A office (Bco.org.uk 2017). Occupancy 2014 Floor plate efficiency 80-85% Finished floor to underside of ceiling 2.6-2.75m Planning grid 1.5m x 1.5m Column grid 7.5m, 9m, 12m and 15m Lift provisions Loading of car 80% Time to reach destination Less than 90 seconds (Till 15th floors) Structural loadings Live GL and below floors of office 3 kN/m2 Above ground level 2.5 kN/m2 High loading areas 7.5 kN/m2 Dead Car parking 2.5 kN/m2 Partitions 0.5-1.2 kN/m 2 Plant room 7.5 kN/m2 Loading bays 5-10 kN/m2 Retail space 4 kN/m2 Services, ceilings and floors 0.85 kN/m2 Lighting 2% - 5% Unified Glare Rating (UGR) 19 Air tightness Not greater than 3.5 m3/hr/m2 Outdoor air 12-15 l/s per person External noise intrusion NR38 (Leq) Table 1: Grade Aoffice specification as per BCO (Source:Bco.org.uk 2017) Grade A office specification in USA The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) is a professional organization for US and Canada based commercial real estate professionals that provides specification for office. BOMA has defined grade A buildings as the most high quality buildings that are used for competing executive and top class office users with building rents more than average of the area. The buildings have top quality standard finish, systems that are state of the art as well as top notch accessibility, which is extremely efficient as well as presence of a definitive market. Visually attractive facades, attractive finishing. General comments Class A General description Class A buildings are described as the most premium buildings at best locations Age Advanced designing methods with updated and current standards, very well maintained with updated security. Location Building is generally situated in CBD and identifiable location with convenient access. Constructive and architecture Class A buildings use classic design methods especially with concrete and steel structure. Superior interior quality as well as exterior quality finishes is used for curtain walls including elevators and washrooms. Property management Top quality management practices are present with enhanced services and security, HVAC, maintenance, quality and environmental management. Building systems Class A buildings contain systems meeting industry standards with automated electrical, mechanical, safety and security systems as well as electrical systems. The backup power system is also available in these buildings. Environment Class A buildings hold at least one environmental certification such as BOMA 3 or 4 LEED that is responsible for sustainable practices in place. Services Call systems that include maximum response time, security, maintenance, tenant coordination and administration as well. Additional services are also present such as fitness centers, conference centers, cafeteria and food courts as well as restaurants, dry cleaning services, ATM and Wi-Fi services. Table 2: Grade Aoffice specification as per BOMA (Source: Jll.ie 2017) Grade A office buildings in Dublin, Ireland Office market performance in Dublin Ireland is approximately 2866787 sq. ft. The vacancy rate being 7.8% and a prime rent of 55-60 Euros per sq. ft., market performance is quite good in Dublin. The stock under construction is around 3099789 sq. ft. Currently Grade A buildings that are completed and available in Dublin is around 80000 sq. feet with nothing larger than 60000 sq. ft in the city centre. 3.7% of the vacant stock is only available through lease currently. Specifications of the building is governed by BREEAM standard with building life of 15 years for air handling units, 20 years for chillers, 20 years for boilers, 20 years for pump sets, 15 years for pressurization units. 20 years for humidifiers, 20 years for control panels, 15 years for luminaries, 15 years for chilled beam units and lifts for 20 years are also governed. Office depths for ground to fourth floor is around 13.85m and fifth to sixth floor is around 12.4m. The 4th to 6th floor should have a clear floor to ceiling cover of 2900-millimeter cover. Import floor loadings should be around 2.5 kilo Newton per meter square. Raised floor building service suspended ceiling loading should be around 0.85-kilo Newton per meter square glazing in doors and windows should be double glazed sealed clear glass. U value should be as per building regulations. Criteria for determining Grade A specification class with particular reference to electrical and mechanical services provision The basis of a small overloading will be around 25 Watt per meter square. The basis of gain of heat for lighting will be a maximum of 12 watt per meter square. Electrical Engineering Services will also be a basis for the design of the following elements with office mechanical lighting of 10 watt per meter square, general lighting of 1 watt per meter square. Small power for mechanical services engineering should be in watt per meter square and mechanical services for general should be around 60 watt per meter square. The lifts should be consuming 5 watt per meter square in a little space of 151 per meter square. Fire alarm system should be design as per BS standard 589 types 2.9 with open call analogue system that is addressed. It should be manageable form a ground floor central control panel through interface. The security system should be accessed via proximity sensor card that covers main entrances and floors of property owner areas. Intruder alarm is present in each floor and a vi deo intercom system on maintaining a communication between grounds for reception individual. Lighting levels in the plant should be around 200 lux and lighting to the office area should be around 350 lux. Maintained in average with the open plan the overall uniformity ratio of around 0.8 at the defined task area or at desk height should be incorporated. Simple systems of automated lighting should be provided in accordance with BREEM, ADL and CRCEES (Jll.ie 2017). Mechanical services provided consists of the imposed floor loadings should be approximately of 2.5 kN/m2, demountable partitions supernumerary to the above loadings are 1 kN/m2. The raised floors, services of buildings with suspended ceiling loads are around 0.85 kN/m2. The curtain wall system consists of opaque as well as clear glazing to the main entrances as well as feature stairs. The flat rain screens panels of rear of the stair cores and main cores are included as well as perforated metal screenings are louvers towards the plant roof. The aluminum window systems need to be coated with thermally broken frames of polyester power coating. The total insulation U value is according to the current regulations of building. Glazing is of double glazed type and lifts provided consists of 2 x 12 person lifts that serves basement to sixth floor and ground to sixth floor. The stainless steel coverings of the door consist of 900 mm wide openings framing system. There needs to be a 100mm ove rall raised system of flooring of medium grade for providing nominal zone of approximately 70mm clear void through use of 600 x 600 mm encapsulated panel with system of adjustable steel pedestal. The ceiling metal tile system needs to be around 150 and 330 micro perforated. External conditions of the dry bulb summer to be around 290C, wet bulb summer to be around 190C, dry bulb winter to be around -40C and wet bulb winter to be around -50C. The heating systems needs to be conditioned according to constant active multi service chilled beams volume that is suspended directly to the soffit for giving clear minimum ceiling height of 2650 mm AFFL cooling and heating demand through air sensors that is located at occupied space. Three park place, Dublin The three-park place of Dublin Ireland is a Grade A building used for office purpose. The building is ideal as office location as it helps in maintaining a proper work life balance. The concert venues, galleries, museums, colleges, universities and museums are in close proximity of the building. It has a substructure specification that includes ground floor slab of 320-millimeter thickness reinforced concrete floor slabs. The structural flat slab in situ concrete thickness is 324 mm. External walls have a high quality double glazed proprietary system of curtain walling having a silicone external frameless joint as well as pacified glass insulated spandrel panels for elevations to hatch street. Three-park place in Dublin has met the specifications and criteria of being a Grade A office building as it has highly efficient as well as flexible floor plates. The reception is impressive and has double height. It is targeted by LEED platinum and the reception, toilet, shower facilities and lobby is finished as per highest corporate standard. The building has excellent shower and bike facilities, natural lighting for floor, standby generators, efficient LED PIR lighting, raised access floors, 4 pipe air conditioning systems with blank thermal storage bank is present with a total occupancy density of 1.7 m2. There are six high-speed 17 passenger lifts with efficient rainwater harvesting system. The raised access floor has a void of around 200mm. The total suspended ceiling has a void of 400 mm. The total floor to ceiling height is around 2.83 m. Conclusion It can be concluded that Grade A office buildings maintain quality standards of buildings that provides the user with comfort as well as energy efficiency. Further it is also seen that Grade A office buildings have excellent mechanical as well as electrical properties. Advanced designing methods with updated and current standards, very well maintained with updated security is used in grade A office buildings. Class A buildings also use classic design methods especially with concrete and steel structure. Superior interior quality as well as exterior quality finishes is used for curtain walls including elevators and washrooms. Office market performance in Dublin Ireland is approximately 2866787 sq. ft with a vacancy rate being 7.8% and a prime rent of 55-60 Euro per sq. ft, grade A office buildings have a strong hold in Dublin, Ireland. Electrical Engineering Services is based for the design of the following elements with office mechanical lighting of around 10 watt per meter square an d general lighting of 1 watt per meter square. Recommendations It is recommended that Grade A office buildings should comply with BREEM standards and energy efficiency. Further, the electrical equipments should also be ensured to be energy efficient. The office buildings should also incorporate renewal of office wastes and keep recycling process available. Sustainability within the building should be maintained suing lean approach and further improvements of the building should also be incorporated such as introduction of cloud based IOT within different building components like video intercom and CCTV cameras. References Bco.org.uk, 2017, British Council of Offices [online], Available at: https://www.bco.org.uk/ [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017] Jll.ie, 2017, 2016 Dublin Office Market Outlook [online], Available at: https://www.jll.ie/ireland/en-ie/Research/JLL%20Dublin%20Office%20Market%20Review%20and%20Outlook%202016.pdf?fb56ea68-273e-43f7-b8b1-62d6178406c1 [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017]